Amphiphilic compounds derived from amino acids or peptides, their methods of synthesis and their application as drug delivery systems

ABSTRACT

Amphiphilic derivatives of amino acids or peptides are provided, comprising a polyhydroxylated hydrophilic part derived from a sugar, from a polyol, from an aminopolyol or from an oligosaccharide, and at least one hydrophobic part derived from a hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, or a mixed fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon, saturated or unsaturated, having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, the hydrophobic part(s) being linked to the hydrophilic part by a junction bearing an amino acid or a peptide.

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/100,688,filed Aug. 2, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,023.

This application claims priority to French application No. 92-09776which was filed Aug. 6, 1992.

The present invention relates to the field of biologically compatiblesurfactants, comprising amphiphilic structures derived from biologicmolecules. It relates particularly to amphiphilic derivatives of aminoacids or of peptides, useful in drug preparations or in cosmeticformulations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Amphiphilic amino acid and peptide derivatives have surfactantproperties that make them utilizable, alone or with other substances, asemulsifiers or co-emulsifiers, as dispersants or solubilizers, asmodifiers of natural or synthetic membranes or in forming drug vehiclesor targeting devices. Some of them are capable of forming vesicles (astructure equivalent to that of the liposomes obtained fromphospholipids).

A drug vehicle provides advantages in therapy, among them prolongedintravascular persistence and a controlled release of the drug,resulting in greater efficacy and reduced doses, which is of greatimportance when the drug is toxic or provokes side effects. Thepharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the encapsulated drug aredetermined by the drug vehicle, and thus on the structure of themolecules that compose this vesicle. Thus, in order to enhance thespecificity of the vesicles for targeting cells, derivatives ofcarbohydrates are incorporated in vesicles containing an imaging agentor a therapeutic agent (see Liposome Technology, Targeted Drug Deliveryand Biological Interaction, Vol. III, G. Gregoriadis ed., CRC Press,Inc., 1984).

The present invention deals with new amphiphiles that can be used asdrug vehicles and for the specific targeting of a drug by virtue of aterminal sugar group which is recognized by specific receptor on thecell membrane. The new amphiphiles comprise a carbohydrate part and apeptidic spacer between the hydrophilic saccharidic head and thehydrocarbon and/or fluorocarbon hydrophobic tail. Hydrocarbon moleculeswith a sugar head have been described by Okahaya et al (J. Chem. Soc.Perkins Trans. 2 (1987) p. 1317), but they do not bear a peptidicspacer. Amphiphilic compounds derived from sugars and bearing afluorocarbon chain, but with no peptidic spacer, have been described inEP-A-0255443. In the amphiphilic compounds of the invention, thepeptidic spacer allows the modulation of the hydrophilic/lipophilicbalance of the molecule and thus contributes to determining thestructure of the dispersion obtained.

The amphiphilic compounds of the invention can also be used asemulsifiers or co-emulsifiers, as for example in oxygen-transportsystems based on fluorocarbons. Such systems presently exist, but theypresent certain disadvantages, specifically, the surfactants used arenot particularly adapted to the emulsification of fluorocarbons, and donot allow modification of the characteristics of the emulsions in orderto adapt them to specific therapeutic applications.

The present invention has as its specific object amphiphile derivativesof amino acids of peptides, suitable in particular for the fixation,dispersion, encapsulation and targeting of pharmaceutical products andthe emulsification of fluorocarbons.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides amphiphilic compounds derived from an amino acidor a peptide and having the formulas I or II, and comprising apolyhydroxylated hydrophilic moiety, an amino acid or peptide moiety anda bivalent radical derived from a monosaccharide in open form and havingone of the formulas III-V. At least one of the R² and R³ substituents informula I and II is a hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon, orfluorocarbon radical as described below. R⁴, Y¹, and Y² of formula IIare selected from the radical species set forth in (f) and (g) below.

In a preferred embodiment, X is a C₁ to C₂₄ sugar, a polyol selectedfrom a hydrogenated sugar, a cyclic hexitol, or a sugar or polyol inwhich one or more H atoms of the polyol or sugar OH groups have b&ensubstituted as described below. In particularly preferred embodiments, Xis a galactose, glucose, or mannose group. In a particularly preferredembodiment, R¹ is a glucose radical of the formula III-V.

In other embodiments, the amphiphile contains a radical of a standardamino acid or an analogue thereof comprising a linear or branched alkylgroup, or other substituted alkyl groups, as disclosed herein, orpeptides made up of standard or substituted amino acids. In yet otherembodiments, the amphiphiles comprise R² and R³ that are terminalradical groups comprising multiple --(CH)₂ -- groups or unsaturatedsites. The amphiphiles of the invention also comprise glucaminestructures, for example ##STR1##

The invention also provides methods for preparing the amphiphiliccompounds of the invention.

According to another aspect of the invention there are providedcompositions for biomedical use containing the amphiphilic compounds ofthe invention. These amphiphiles can be in the form of lipid vesicles,and can be alone or in combination with other natural or syntheticamphiphilic compounds. These compositions have the advantage of beingstable through heat sterilization. They can also contain various drugs,for example, antitumor agents, as well as agents to control pH, osmoticpressure, and oxidation. These compositions, according to a specificembodiment, can be used in methods to modify natural or syntheticmembranes.

Also within the scope of the invention are emulsions comprising anaqueous phase, an oily phase, and one or more amphiphiles of theinvention which acts as a surfactant. The oily phase of the emulsion canbe a fluorocarbon. The fluorocarbon is preferably perfluoctylbromide orperfluorooctylethane. The emulsion can contain another surfactant, forexample, lecithin. In particularly preferred embodiments, theconcentration of amphiphile in the emulsion is from 0.01% to 30% w/v,and the concentration of fluorocarbon is from 10% to 125% w/v.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The amphiphilic compounds of the invention comprise a polyhydroxylatedhydrophilic part, which is an open ring sugar, a polyol, an aminopolyolor an oligosaccharide, and at least one hydrophobic part, which is ahydrocarbon, a fluorocarbon or a partially fluorocarbonated hydrocarbon,saturated or unsaturated, having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms. Thehydrophobic part(s) are joined to the polyhydroxylated hydrophilic partby a linking group comprising an amino acid or a peptide.

In these compounds, the presence of a hydrophilic part derived from anopen ring sugar makes it possible for the amphiphilic derivative to beused as a drug vehicle and achieve targeting of the cells. Certainglycosidic structures have indeed the advantage of being recognized bymembrane receptors such as lectins.

The presence of an amino acid- or peptide-type spacer, separating thehydrophilic part from the hydrophobic extremity also allows modificationof the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the compound, and thus of itssolubility.

According to the invention, the amino acid or peptide derivative cancorrespond to one of the following formulae: ##STR2## wherein a. X is apolyhydroxylated hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consistingof a sugar, a polyol, an aminopolyol or an oligosaccharide;

b. R¹ represents a bivalent radical derived from a monosaccharide in anopen form and having the formula: ##STR3## c. AA is an amino acid orpeptide moiety; d. Y¹ is --NH--, --S--, --CO--, --C(O)--(CH₂)_(L) --,wherein L is 1 or 2, or --O--;

e. R² and R³, which can be identical or different, are H; a linear orbranched, saturated or unsaturated C₅₋₂₀ hydrocarbon; or a linear orbranched, saturated or unsaturated C₅₋₂₀ fluorinated hydrocarbon orfluorocarbon radical wherein 50 to 100% of the hydrogen atoms have beenreplaced by fluorine atoms, said hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon orfluorocarbon radical optionally having one or more O and S atoms withinthe C chain, and optionally having the hydrogen atoms of said radicalreplaced by one or more chlorine or bromine atoms; and

an unsaturated terminal group having the formula:

    --O--CH═CH.sub.2 ;

    --OC(O)CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2 ;

    --C(O)--CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2 ;

    or;

    --NHC(O)CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2

in which R⁵ is H or CH₃, provided that R² and R³ do not both representH;

f. R⁴ represents ##STR4## wherein AA is an amino acid or peptide; g. Y²and Y³, which are different, are ##STR5## provided that at least one ofthe Y² and Y³ represent --NH--C(O)-- or --C(O)--NH--.

As will be seen hereafter, in the derivatives of formula (I) the aminoacid or peptide spacer terminates at the level of the hydrophobic partwith an amino acid comprising only the two acid and amine functionalgroups.

In the derivatives of formula (II) the amino acid- or peptide-spacer isterminated at the level of the hydrophobic part by an amino acid havinga functionalized side chain.

The derivatives of formula (I) and of formula (II) can comprise either asingle hydrophobic end (when R² or R³ represents H) or two hydrophobicends (when R² and R³ are both hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon radicals).Thus, the degree of their hydrophobic or fluorophilic nature can beregulated.

In the amphiphilic compounds of the invention, the polyhydroxylatedhydrophilic portion of the molecule corresponding to X can be derivedfrom

a saturated or unsaturated sugar, from C₁ to C₂₄, that is a member ofthe series of tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, aminopentoses, aminohexoses,desoxypentoses, desoxyhexoses, disaccharides and oligosaccharides;

a polyol constituting the hydrogenated form of a sugar of the series oftetroses, pentoses, hexoses, aminopentoses, aminohexoses,desoxypentoses, desoxyhexoses, disaccharides and oligosaccharides;

a cyclic hexitol; or

sugars and polyols described above in which one or several hydrogenatoms of the OH polyol or sugar groups have been replaced by an acetyl,benzyl, allyl, benzoyl, trityl, isopropylidene, benzylidene orcyclohexylidene group, by a group of formula (CH₂ CH₂ O)_(t) R⁶ with tbeing an integer from 1 to 100 and R⁶ a hydrogen atom, a linear orbranched, saturated or unsaturated C₁ to C₂₄ hydrocarbon radical.

Preferred sugars derived from the tetrose series are, for example,erythrose or threose; those of the pentose series are arabinose, lyxose,ribose, xylose or fructose; those of the hexose series are allose,altrose, galactose, glucose, gulose, idose, mannose, or talose; those ofthe aminopentose or aminohexose series are, for example, galactosamine,glucosamine or mannosamine; those of the deoxypentose or the deoxyhexoseseries are fucose or rhamnose. Preferred sugars of the disaccharide oroligosaccharide series are cellobiose, lactose, maltose, melibiose,palatinose, saccharose, trehalose, turanose, maltotriose andmaltotetraose; the preferred hydrogenated forms of the sugars mentionedabove are erythritol, threitol, arabinitol, ribitol, xylitol, altritol,galactitol, glucitol, gulitol, iditol, manhitol, galactamine andglucamine. Preferred polyols of the cyclic hexitol series are forexample myo-inositol. These radicals derived from sugars can be ineither the D or the L form.

The choice of the monosaccharide, polyol, aminopolyol or oligosaccharidefor X depends in particular on the applications of the compound. Whenthe derivative is to be used for the encapsulation of pharmaceuticalproducts, X preferably represents galactose, glucose or mannose, whichare recognized by the lectin receptor.

This hydrophilic part X is joined to the spacer, consisting of an aminoacid or a peptide, by a radical derived from a monosaccharide in an openform, of aldonic or glycamine type, comprising a CO or a NH group at theend linked to the AA or R⁴ part. This group permits the formation ofbonds of amide --CO--NH-- or --NH--CO-- type with the amino acid orpeptide part of the derivative.

As an example, R¹ can be derived from glucose and correspond to one ofthe following formulas: ##STR6##

In the amphiphilic compounds of the invention, AA represents a radicalof an amino acid or a peptide, or a radical of formula: ##STR7## inwhich R⁷ and R⁸ represent a hydrogen atom or the side chain of an aminoacid, optionally having other functional groups, and R⁹ represents ahydrogen atom or forms with R⁷ a cyclic hydrocarbon radical.

The term "amino acid" used here concerns the alpha amino acids commonlyfound in proteins, which are generally known as standard amino acids,and their analogues. It also includes modified standard amino acidshaving side chains comprising groups that are linear and branched alkylgroups, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, aralkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxamidealkyl, mercaptoalkyl, phenylalkyl, hydroxyphenylalkyl, guanidinoalkyl,imidazoylalkyl, indolylalkyl, and pyrrolidinyl.

Among the amino acids that can be used are alanins, arginine,asparagine, aspartic acid, cystsine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, leucine, norleucine, lysine, methionine,phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, tryptophan,tyrosine, valine, nitrophenylalanine, homoarginine, thiazolidine anddehydroproline.

When AA represents a radical derived from a peptide, the latter isformed from the amino acids described above and generally comprises from2 to 10 amino acids, preferably from 2 to 3 amino acids.

In the amphiphilic compounds of the invention corresponding to formulae(I) and (II) at least one of R² and R³ represents a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon radical, whichconstitutes the hydrophobic part of the molecule.

These radicals optionally have one or more heteroatoms, for example,oxygen or sulfur in their carbon chain, and can be substituted withchlorine or bromine atoms as well as fluorine atoms.

Fluorocarbon radicals of the following formulas are preferred:

a) C(CF₂)_(i) in which i is an integer from 3 to 18,

b) (CF₃)₂ CF--(CF₂)_(j) -- in which J is an integer from 0 to 8,

c) R_(F1) (CF₂ CF(CF₃))_(k) -- in which R_(F1) represents CF₃ --, C₂ F₅-- or (CF₃)₂ CF-- and k is an integer from 1 to 4,

d) (R_(F2))(R_(F3))CFO(CF₂ --CF₂)_(L) -- in which R_(F2) and R_(F3)independently represent CF₃ --, C₂ F₅, n--C₃ F₇ -- or CF₃ CF₂ CF(CF₃)--,or RF₂ and RF₃ together form --(CF₂)₄ -- or --(CF₂)₅ --, and L is aninteger from 1 to 6,

e) CF₃ CF₂ O(CF₂ CF₂ O)_(u) CF₂ -- in which u is an integer from 0 to 5,

f) CF₃ (CF₂)₂ O(CF(CF₃)CF₂ O)_(v) --CF(CF₃)-- in which v is an integerfrom 0 to 6, and

g) the radicals of paragraphs a) to f) bearing at their extremity linkedto the amino acid or peptide, a hydrocarbon arm of type --(CH₂)_(x) --or --(CH₂)_(x1) --S--(CH₂)_(x2) -- with x, x₁ and x₂ being integers from1 to 10.

Preferred radicals of this type are of the formulas:

    --CH.sub.2 --(CF.sub.2).sub.i --F

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.i --F

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --S--(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --(CF.sub.2).sub.i F with 3≦i≦18.

When R² and/or R³ represent a hydrocarbon radical, they are radicals ofhydrocarbons which can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated,the unsaturations being ethylenic or acetylenic, and the radicals eitherlinear or branched.

These groups can also, like the fluorinated radicals described above,comprise an unsaturated terminal group corresponding to one of thefollowing formulae:

    --O--CH═CH.sub.2,

    --OC(O)CR.sup.5 ═CH.sub.2,

    --C(O)--CR.sup.5 ═CH.sub.2,

    or

--NHC(O)CR⁵ ═CH₂

wherein R⁵ represents H or CH₃.

Preferred hydrocarbon radicals of this type are of the formulas:

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.i1 --CH═CH.sub.2 with 3≦i.sub.1 ≦18

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.i2 --NH--C(O)--CH═CH.sub.2 with 2≦i.sub.2 ≦17

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.i2 --C(O)--CH═CH.sub.2 with 2≦i.sub.2 ≦17

    --(CH.sub.2).sub.i3 H with 5≦i.sub.3 ≦20.

The incorporation of unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals into theamphiphilic compounds of the inventions is advantageous because theamphiphiles comprising such radicals can be polymerized, for example, byirradiation with ionizing radiation. Thus, the properties of delayedrelease of substances in dispersions utilizing these polymerizedderivatives can be further controlled.

Examples of compounds conforming to the invention are given in Table 1and the synthetic schemes I and II.

The compounds of the invention can be prepared by classical proceduresfrom modified amino acids or peptides and lactones or glucaminescorresponding to XR¹.

Thus, compounds of formula (I), in which Y¹ represents NH, can beprepared by a procedure consisting, for example, of reacting an aminoacid derivative of formula: ##STR8## in which R², R³ and AA have theabove signification, with a lactone derived from the oligosaccharideX--R¹, for example a lactone of formula (VII): ##STR9## such aslactobiono-1,5-lactone or maltobiono-1,5-lactone.

For this reaction, the amino acid derivative of formula (VI) may be inthe form of a salt, for example trifluoroacetate.

The amino acid derivative of formula (VI) can be prepared from theiodide R² I and the aldehyde R³ CHO to form the azide of formula:##STR10## which is then reduced and condensed with the amino acid or thepeptide corresponding to AA whose NH₂ terminal group is protected by anappropriate protecting group such as butoxycarbonyl (BOC) orbenzyloxycarbonyl (Z).

These reactions are illustrated in the synthetic scheme I (infra) in thecase where AA represents Gly or GlyGly and in the case where XR'represents the lactobiono-1,5-lactone. When XR¹ representsmaltobiono-1,5-lactone, the derivative of the invention corresponds tothe formula: ##STR11## wherein R² represents --(CH₂)₁₁ CH₃, --(CH₂)₂ C₆F₁₃, or --(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇ and

R² represents (CH₂)₈ CH═CH₂ or (CH₂)₈ CH₃

The compounds of formula (I) in which X, R¹, AA, R² and R³ have theabove signification and Y₁ represents CO can be prepared by a procedureconsisting in making an amino acid or peptide derivative of formula:##STR12## where 1≦L≦2, react with a glucamine derived fromoligosaccharide R¹ X, for example a glucamine of formula (XI): ##STR13##in the case where R¹ is a glucose radical.

The compounds of formula (IX) and (X) can be prepared from thecorresponding acids of formula XII or XIII: ##STR14##

The acid of formula (XII) or (XIII) is then allowed to react with theamino acid or peptide corresponding to AA whose terminal COOH isprotected by an appropriate group.

For the following reaction with glucamine, the COOH group is deprotectedto react with the NH₂ group of the glucamine.

The compounds of formula (I) wherein Y¹ represents O or S can beprepared by a procedure analogous to that represented in syntheticscheme (I), but in which the condensation is effected directly at thelevel of the secondary alcohol or the secondary thiol obtained bynucleophilic substitution of this alcohol.

The compounds of formula (II), wherein X, R¹, Y², Y³, R² and R³ are asdefined above, and R⁴ is: ##STR15## can be prepared by reacting an aminoacid or a peptide derivative of formula (XIV): ##STR16## in which R²,R³, R⁴, Y² and Y³ are as defined above, with a glucamine derived fromthe oligosaccharide X--R¹, for example the glucamine of formula XI:##STR17## when R¹ is derived from glucose.

The compounds of formula (XIV) can be prepared from the correspondingpolyfunctional amino acids in which all the reactive functions, exceptthat corresponding to Y², are protected, by making them react with acompound comprising the hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon radical R², forexample an amine, an isocyanate or an isothiocyanate when Y² is derivedfrom an acid, an acid when Y² is derived from an amine, an acid or anisocyanate when Y² is derived from an alcohol, and an acid when Y² isderived from a thiol.

Next, another reactive function of the amino acid or the peptide isdeprotected to make it react with a compound bearing R³, as above.

This process is illustrated, in the case where R⁴ is derived fromaspartic acid or glutamic acid, in the right-hand part of syntheticscheme II, attached.

Glucamines of formula (IX) can be synthesized from the correspondingsaccharides by Lemieux's method, as described in the document U.S. Pat.No. 2,830,983.

The derivatives of formula (II) wherein R⁴ represents: ##STR18## can beprepared by a procedure consisting of reacting an amino acid or peptidederivative of formula: ##STR19## with a lactone derived fromoligosaccharide X--R¹, for example the lactone of formula (V) when R¹ isa glucose radical.

The compound of formula (XV) can be prepared from the correspondingpolyfunctional amino acid by reaction with the appropriate compounds,making it possible to introduce the R² and R³ groups on the twofunctions of the amino acid (other than an NH₂ function).

An example of synthesis corresponding to this procedure is illustratedin the left-hand part of synthetic scheme II, attached, in the casewhere the amino acid whose side chain is functionalized is lysine.

The derivatives of formula (II) of the invention in which R⁴ represents##STR20## can be prepared by a procedure consisting in reacting groupsR² and R³ on the acid and amine functions Y² and Y³ with thecorresponding amino acid, then condensing the amino acid or peptide AAon the remaining alcohol function.

The compounds of the invention are advantageous for use in numerousapplications because of their highly amphiphilic nature. In particular,they are powerful surfactants, soluble or dispersible in water, and cantherefore be used for the preparation of emulsions or dispersions,including vesicles, containing pharmaceutical substances.

The present invention also concerns preparations for biomedical usecomprising at least one amphiphilic compound according to the invention.These preparations can be in the form of solutions (including micellarones), dispersions, gels and emulsions in water or any other appropriatesolvent.

The compounds of the invention are also useful for preparing modifyinglipidic membranes and vesicles which can be used as a drug vehicle,which can comprise oxygen carriers such as hemoglobin or modifiedhemoglobin or synthetic chelates. The vesicles can also be used indiverse fields for contrast agents and cosmetics.

Moreover, the invention also concerns preparations containing at leastone amphiphilic amino acid or peptide derivative according to theinvention, in the form of vesicles. These vesicles can incorporate drugin the inner aqueous phase or the lipid bilayers of the vesicles bymethods which will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

Such preparations are useful as vehicle for drugs such asanti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, anti-allergics and anti-tumoralagents, and antibiotics, in particular anti-cancer agents such ascis-platinum, 5-fluorouracyl or its derivatives and adriamycin. In thosesystems, the drug is encapsulated either after or during the formationof vesicles, and administered subsequently. The drug can be soluble inwater or in a non-polar solvent. These vehicle/drug systems are stablefor at least 2 hours. The permeability of vesicles derived from mixedfluorocarbon/hydrocarbon amphiphiles to a drug such as adriamycin islesser than that observed with vesicles formed with the relatedhydrocarbon/hydrocarbon amphiphile. However, both can be used to achievecontrolled release of the drug.

The procedures used to prepare these lipidic membranes are well known toprofessionals and comprise techniques using solvents, injection,ultrasound or mechanical high-pressure homogenizers such as a Gaulinhomogenizer or a microfluidizer.

In these preparations, the compound of the invention acts as asurfactant or co-surfactant, or dispersing agent, or as a vehicle tosolubilize or disperse the drug in the preparation.

These compounds can thus be used in the pharmaceutical field to preparedrug compositions, using them as solubilizing, dispersing or emulsifyingagents, in solutions or emulsions administrable, for example, orally,locally, parentsrally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularlyor by injection.

The invention thus has also as its object emulsions comprising an oilyphase, an aqueous phase and a surfactant constituted by a derivative ofthe invention.

In an emulsion of this type, other surfactants such as lecithins andcopolymers of alkylenic oxide, for example of polyoxyethylene andpolyoxypropylene, trishydroxymethyl aminomethane telomers andfluorinated surfactants, can be present. In these emulsions, the oilyphase can be a hydrocarbon, a hydrofluorocarbon or a fluorocarbon orhighly fluorinated compounds. In these emulsions, the oily phase,constituted for example by a fluorocarbon, can represent from 10% to125% in w/v of the emulsion.

In these emulsions, the compounds of the invention used as surfactantsare preferably compounds in which at least one of the R² and R³ is aradical derived from a fluorocarbon.

Generally, the content in compound of the invention of thesepreparations is from 0.01 to 30% in weight/volume.

The aqueous phase may contain other additives such as antioxidants andagents to adjust the pH and the oncotic and osmotic pressures, in orderto obtain injectable isotonic compositions.

The preparations can also be administered orally, locally, parenterally,intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously or byinhalation.

In the case where, in the compounds used, R² and R³ are both hydrocarbonradicals, or R² and R³ are respectively a hydrocarbon radical and afluorocarbon radical, the formation of liposomes has been demonstratedby electronic microscopy of their dispersions and by electronicmicroscopy after freeze-fracture.

Some of the vesicles formed with the compounds of the invention arestable over time and after sterilization at 121° C. for 15 min.

The preparations of the invention can also be used to modify theintravascular persistence, the biodistribution and/or the recognition ofparticles forming the dispersed system and for specific targeting ofcells by these particles.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be moreclearly seen on reading the following examples, which are of coursegiven as illustrations, and are not limitative, and on referring to theannexed schemes I and II.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis

See scheme 1, infra, for examples 1-11.

Example 1 Synthesis of Nα-[1-lactobionocarbonyl]-N-11[trieicos-1-en-yl]glycinamide, 6a

A. Synthesis of the alcohol 1-trieicosen-11-ol, 1a CH₂ ═CH--(CH₂)₈--CH[(CH₂)₁₁ CH₃ ]OH

A 1M commercial solution (45 ml) of dodecylmagnesium bromide in ether (410⁻² moles) was introduced into a tubular balloon flask fitted with abromine ampulla and a refrigerant and swept by a current of drynitrogen. 10-undecen-1-al (7.57 g; 0.045 moles) in 50 ml of anhydrousether was added dropwise to the above solution. The reaction mixture wasthen maintained at boiling point for 1.5 h. The solution was cooled, anda saturated solution of ammonium chloride (100 ml) was added. Theorganic phases were washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, thenconcentrated. The crude compound obtained was chromatographed over ashort silica column (eluent hexane/ether 1/1). The pure product (14 g)was isolated in the form of a white powder. Yield 96%. m.p.: 63.8°-64.5°C. The ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR spectra were in conformity with the expectedstructure.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 5.8 (1H, m, CH═); 4.9 (2H, m, CH₂ ═); 3.6 (1H, m, >CH):2 (2H, td, ═CH--CH₂); 1.3 (34H, m, (CH₃)₁₇); 0.9 (3H, t; CH₃).

B. Synthesis of 11-azido-1-trieicosen, 2a CH₂ ═CH--(CH₂)₈ --CH[(CH₂)₁₁CH₃ ]N₃

191 mg (1.1 mmol) of diethyl azodicarboxylate, 358 mg of alcohol 1a (1mmol) and 288 mg (1.1 mmol) of triphenylphosphine in solution inanhydrous tetrahydrofurane (THF) were stirred for several minutes atroom temperature. Diphenylphosphorylazide (302.5 mg; 1.1 mmol) was thenadded. This solution was treated with ultrasound for 15 minutes. Aftertotal disappearance of the alcohol, the THF was evaporated. The residuethus obtained was chromatographed over a silica column (eluent hexane).350 mg of azide in an oil form were obtained. Yield=92%.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 5.8 (1H, m, CH═); 4.9 (2H, m, CH₂ ═); 3.2 (1H, m,>CHN₃): 2 (2H, td, ═CH--CH₂); 1.4 (36H, m, (CH₂)₁₈); 0.9 (3H, t; CH₃).

C. Synthesis of 11-amino-1-trieicosen, 3a CH₂ ═CH(CH₂)₈ --CH[(CH₂)₁₁ CH₃]NH₂

Azide (3 g; 8.28.10⁻³ moles) was dissolved in 150 ml of anhydrousethylic ether. To the cooled solution, a solution of 1M of aluminiumlithium hydride (LiAlH₄) (10 ml; 10 moles) in ether was slowly added at0° C. After 15 minutes, the reduction of the azide was complete. ExcessLiAlH₄ was removed by adding a few milliliters of water. Afterfiltration , the ether phases were dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated. The amine (2.8 g oil, 98%) was isolated in the form of ayellow oil.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 5.8 (1H, m, CH═); 4.9 (2H, m, CH₂ ═); 2.7 (1H, m,>CHNH₂): 2 (2H, td, ═CH--CH₂); 1.3 (34, m, (CH₂)₁₇); 0.9 (3H, t; CH₃).

D. Synthesis of N-α-[tertiobutyloxycarbonyl]N-11[trieicos-1-en-yl]glycinamide, 4a (CH₃)₃ COC(O)NHCH₂ C(O)NHCH[(CH₂)₁₁ CH₃ ][(CH₂)₈ CH═CH₂]

The amine 3a (0.919 g; 2.72.10⁻³ moles), dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC)(0.675 g; 3.27 10⁻³ moles), N-tertiobutyloxycarbonyl glycine (BocglyOH)(0,573 g; 3.27 10⁻³ moles) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) (100 mg) wereadded to 20 ml of anhydrous methylene chloride. After stirring for 15minutes at room temperature, the reaction was complete. Thedicyclohexylurea (DCU) formed was filtered, the solvent was evaporated,and the residue was chromatographed over silica (eluent hexane/ether5/5). 1.350 g (97%, wax) of product 4a were obtained.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 6.14 (1H, d, NH); 5.8 (1H, m, CH═); 5.43 (1H, t, NH);4.9 (2H, t, CH₂ ═); 3.9 (1H, m, >CH); 3.7 (1H, d; CH₂ C); 2 (2H, td,>CH--CH₂); 1.5 (9H, m, (CH₃)₃); 1.3 (34H, m; (CH₂)₁₇); 0.9 (3H, t; CH₃).

E. Synthesis of N-α-1-lactobionocarbonyl-N-11-[trieicos-1-en-yl]glycinamide, 6a. ##STR21## E.1 Synthesis of 1,5-lactobiono lactone (5a)

Lactobionic acid (0.947 g; 2.64.10⁻³ moles) methoxyethanol (30 ml),toluene (30 ml) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (1 drop) were stirred andconcentrated in a rotavapor. This operation was repeated 3 times, butwithout adding the trifluoroacetic acid. 1,5-lactobiono lactone (0.902g) was obtained.

E.2 Deprotection of the amine of 4a

A solution of 1.350 g (2.65.10⁻³ moles) of 4a in CH₂ Cl₂ to whichtrifluoroacetic acid (4.5 ml) has been added was stirred for 1 h at roomtemperature under nitrogen. The solvents and reactants were thenevaporated. The salt was recovered.

E.3 Synthesis of 6a

Condensation between the amine and the 1,5-lactobiono lactone wasrealized at pH=8 in boiling methanol. When the reaction was complete,product 6a was chromatographed over a silica column (eluentAcOEt/methanol/water 80/18/2). 970 mg of the product (1.29.10⁻³ moles)were isolated. Yield 63.5%. m.p.=188° C. (decomposition). (αD)²⁰ : +19(Cl, CHCl₃); (αD)²⁰ : +15.4 (C, 1, MeOH).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 7.9 (1H, t, NH); 7.3 (1H, d, NH); 5.8 (1H, m, CH═); 5(2H, t, CH₂ ═); 2 (2H, td, CH₂ CH═) 0.9 (3H, t, CH₃).

Example 2

A. Synthesis ofN-α-[1-lactobionocarbonyl]-N-3-[1-(perfluooctyl)tridec-12-enyl]glycinamide, 6b ##STR22##

The procedure is identical to that followed for Example 1. Starting fromthe 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl iodide and 10-undecen-1-ol. Compound 6bwas obtained with an overall yield of 30%. The product was in the formof a white powder. m.p.=175° C. (decomposition). (αD)²⁰ =+13° (C, 1,DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 7.98 (1H, d, NH); 7.5 (1H, t, NH); 5.8 (1H, m, CH═);2.15 (2H, m, CH₂ CF₂); 2 (2H, td, ═CH--CH₂); 1.66-1.53 (2H, m, CH₂ CH₂CF₂); 1.34 (14H, m (CH₂)₁₇);.

Example 3

A. Synthesis ofN-α-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-3-[1-(perfluohexyl)tridec-12-enyl]glycinamide, 6c ##STR23##

The procedure is identical to that followed for Example 1. Starting fromthe 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl iodide and 10-undecen-1-ol, compound 6c(white powder) was obtained with an overall yield of 35%. m.p.=179° C.(αD)²⁰ =+15.4 (C, 1, DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 8 (1H, d, NH); 7.5 (1H, t, NH); 5.8 (1H, m; CH═); 4.9(2H, m, CH₂ ═); 2.3-2.15 (2H, m, CH₂ --CF₂); 2 (2H, td, CH₂ --CH═);1.68-1.4 (2H, m, CH₂ --CH₂ CF₂); 1.3 (14H, m (CH₂)₇).

Example 4 Synthesis of N-α-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-12-[tetraeicosyl]glycinamide, 6d

The procedure is identical to that followed for Example 1. The overallyield was 43%. m.p.=154° C. (αD)²²,4 =+13.2 (C, 1, DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 7.9 (1H, t, NH); 7.35 (1H, d, NH); 1.23 (42H, m, (CH₂)₂₁; 0.87 (6H, t, (CH₃)₂).

Example 5 Synthesis ofN-α-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-3-[1-(perfluorohexyl)dodecyl] glycinamide,6e

The procedure is identical to that followed for Example 1. Overall yieldof 20 %. m.p.=200° C. (αD)²²,24 =+13.3 (C, 1, DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 8 (1H, d, NH); 7.4 (1H, t, NH); 2.2 (2H, m, CH₂ --C₂);1.8-1.6 (2H, m, CH₂ --CH₂ CF₂); 1.3 (16H, m (CH₂)₈); 0.9 (3H, t, CH₃).

Example 6 Synthesis ofN-α-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-3-[1-(perfluorooctyl)dodecyl] glycinamide,6f

The procedure is identical to that followed for Example 1. Overall yieldof 13%. m.p.=163° C. (αD)²²,4 =+12.9 (C, 1, DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 8 (1H, d, NH); 7.45 (1H, t, NH); 2.16 (2H, m, CH₂--CF₂); 1.68 (2H, m, CH₂ --CH₂ CF₂); 1.36-1.32 (16H, m (CH₂)₈); 0.85(3H, t, CH₃).

Example 7 Synthesis of 6-(perfluorohexyl)-4-thiahexanal C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂SCH₂ CH₂ CHO

To 2.5 ml of acrolein (3.64 10⁻² mole), 13.8 g of C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂ SH(3.64.10⁻² mole) and 30 ml of acetonitrile, 100 mg of AlBN were added.The mixture was brought to boiling point for 2 days under nitrogen.After evaporation of the solvent, chromatography on silica gel (eluenthexane/ethyl acetate 8/2). 10.3 g of aldehyde were obtained (yellowliquid, 65%).

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 9.79 (1H, s, CHO); 2.83 (6H, m, 3CH₂); 2.43 (2H, m, CH₂CF₂). IR (CCl₄); C═O 1728 cm⁻¹

Synthesis of 1,8-di-(perfluorohexyl)-6-thia-3-octanol C₆ F₁₃ (CH₂)₂S(CH₂)2CH[(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ ]OH, 1g

Process identical to 1b. From 15.2 g (3.2.10⁻² mole) of C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂ Iand 17 g of C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂ SCH₂ CH₂ CHO (3.89.10⁻² mole), 16 g ofalcohol 1g were obtained. Yield 58%. m.p.=50.8° C.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 3.9 (1H, m, CH); 2.8 (4H, m, 2 (CH₂) S); 2.38 (4H, m,2CH₂ CF₂); 1.77 (4H, m, CH₂ CH)

Synthesis of 3-azido-1,8-di-(perfluorohexyl)-6-thiaoctane C₆ F₁₃ (CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂ CH[(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ ]N₃, 2g

Process identical to 2a. From 9 g of alcohol 3.6 g of azide 2g (oil,yield 39%) were isolated

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 3.6 (1H, m, CH); 2.8 (4H, m, 2CH₂ S); 2.36 (4H, m, 2CH₂CF₂); 1.83 (4H, m, 2CH₂ CH).

Synthesis of N-[tertiobutyloxycarbonyl]-N-3-[1,8-di(perfluorohexyl)-6-thia-octyl]glycinamide (CH₃)₃ COC(O)NHCH₂ C(O)NHCH[(CH₂)₂ S(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ ][(CH₂)₂C₆ F₁₃ ], 4g

Process identical to 4a. From 3.6 g of azide 2 g 2.29 g of 4 g (wax,55%) were isolated.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 7 (1H, m, NH); 5.87 (1H, m, NH); 4.13 (1H, m, CH); 3.79(2H, m, NCH₂ C(O)); 2.74 (2H, m, CH₂ S); 2.65 (2H, m, CH₂ S); 2.5-2 (4H,m, 2CH₂ CF₂); 2-1.69 (4H, m, 2CH₂ CH); 1.44 (9H, m, (CH₃)₃).

Synthesis ofNα-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-3-[1,8-di(perfluorohexyl)-6-thia-octyl]glycinamide,6 g

Process identical to 6a. from 1.5 g of 4 g, 1.3 g of product 6g (68%)were obtained. Decomposition at 181.9° C.

¹ H NMR (DMSO): 7.99 (1H, m, NH); 7.54 (1H, m, NH); 2.72 (2H, m, CH₂ S);2.50 (6H, m, CH₂ S+2CH₂ CF₂); 2.17 (2H, m, CH₂ CH); 1.67 (2H, m, CH₂CH).

Example 8 Synthesis of 1-azido-1H, 1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctane C₈ F₁₇ CH₂CH₂ N₃, 2h

15 g (3.16.10⁻² mole) of C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂ I were dissolved in 25 ml ofdimethylformamide (DMF); 1 g of NaN₃ were added. The mixture was shakenduring 16 h at room temperature, than added to 300 ml of cold water. Thesolution was extracted with ether. After drying and concentration, anoil was recovered which was distilled under reduced pressure leading to7.5 g of azide (Eb=30° C., P=0.5 mbar). yield 61%

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 3.60 (2H, m, CH₂ CH₂ CF₂); 2.38 (2H, m, CH₂ CF₂).

Synthesis of Nα-[tertiobutyloxycarbonyl]-N-1-[2-(perfluorohexyl)-ethyl]glycinamide (CH₃)₃ COC(O)NHCH₂ C(O)NH(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃, 4h

To 3.5 g of C₆ F₁₃ CH₂ CH₂ N₃ in 50 ml of anhydrous ether 10 ml of asolution of LiAlH₄ (1M in ether) were added. The reduction of the azidewas complete in 15 min. After destruction of the excess of LiAlH₄,filtration of the aluminium hydroxyde formed, the ether phase was driedand concentrated. 3.2 g of amine (98%) were isolated.

The amine obtained was allowed to react in dichloromethane in thepresence of 1.8 g (8.8 mmole) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1.53 g (8.8mmole) of N-tertiobutyloxycarbonylglycine and 100 mg ofhydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT). After stirring for 15 min at roomtemperature, the dicyclohexylurea (DCU) formed was filtered, the solventevaporated and the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column(eluent hexane/ether 5/5). 4.4 g of compound 4h were obtained (96%).m.p.=78° C.

Synthesis of Nα-1-[lactobionocarbonyl] N-1-[2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]glycinamide, 6h

Process identical to 6a. from 2 g of 4 h; 2.4 g of 6 h (80%) wereobtained. m.p.: 145° C. (decomposition).

¹ HNMR (DMSO): 7.97 (1H, m, NH); 7.45 (1H, m, NH); 2.38 (2H, m, CH₂CF₂); 1.67-1.36 (2H, m, CH₂ CH₂ CF₂).

Example 9 Synthesis of 1-azido-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecane C₈ F₁₇ CH₂CH₂ N₃, 2i

Process identical to 2 h. From 9 g of C₈ F₁₇ CH₂ CH₂ I, 4.6 g of 2 h(oil, 60%) were obtained.

¹ HNMR (CDCl₃): 3.60 (2H, m, CH₂ CH₂ CF₂); 2.37 (2H, m, CH₂ CF₂).

Synthesis of Nα-[tertiobutyloxycarbonyl]-N-1-[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl]glycinamide, 4i

Process identical to 4h. From 3 g of C₈ F₁₇ CH₂ CH₂ N₃, 3.3 g of 4i(wax, 96%) were isolated.

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 6.5 (1H, m, NH); 5.0 (1H, m, NH); 3.77 (2H, d, CH₂C(O)); 3.61 (2H, m, CH₂ CH₂ CF₂); 2.32 (2H, CH₂ CF₂).

Synthesis of Nα-1-[lactobionocarbonyl]-N-1-[2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]glycinamide, 6i

Process identical to 6h. From 3.3 g of 4i, 3.6 g of 6i (80%) wereobtained. m.p.=148° C. (decomposition)

¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.6 (1H, m, NH); 7.98 (1H, m, NH); 5.2-3 (23H); 2.4(2H, m, CH₂ CF₂).

Example 10 Nα-(Nα-1-lactobionocarbonyl)-glycyl)

N-3-[1-(perfluorohexyl)dodecyl] glycinamide, 7a

Synthetic procedure identical to 6e. 7a was isolated in 64% yield.F=181° C. (decomposition). [α]D=+15.2 (C, 1, DMSO). ¹ H NMR (DMSO d₆):8.05 (2H, m, NH); 7.55 (1H, d, d, NH); 2.2 (2H, m, CH₂ CF₂); 1.58 (2H,m, CH₂ CH₂ CF₂); 1.44 (2H, m); 0.86 (3H, t, CH₃). 19F NMR (DMSO d₆):-79.81; -112.79; -121.31; -122.38 (4F); -125.34.

Example 11 N-α-(N-α-1-lactobionocarbonyl)-glycyl-N-11-(trieicos-1-enyl)glycinamide, 7b

Synthetic procedure identical to 6a. 6b was isolated in 80% yield.F=175°-182° C. (decomposition). [α]D=+19.2 (C, 1, DMSO).

¹ H NMR (DMSO d₆): 8 (2H, m, NH); 7.4 (1H, d, NH); 5.78 (1H, m, CH═);5.44 (1H, d, OH); 5.2 (1H, d, OH); 5.0 (2H, m, CH₂ ═); 2 (2H, td, CH₂CH═); 1.25 (36H, m, (CH₂)18); 0.8 +(3H, t, CH₃).

    __________________________________________________________________________    Scheme I                                                                       ##STR24##                                                                     ##STR25##                                                                     ##STR26##                                                                     ##STR27##                                                                     ##STR28##                                                                    product R.sub.2           R.sub.3                                             __________________________________________________________________________    6a      CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.11                                                                      CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.8                          6b      C.sub.8 F.sub.17 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.8                          6c      C.sub.6 F.sub.13 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.8                          6d      CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.11                                                                      CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.10                          6e      C.sub.6 F.sub.13 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8                           6f      C.sub.8 F.sub.17 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8                           6g      C.sub.6 F.sub.13(CH.sub.2).sub.2 S(CH.sub.2).sub.2                                              C.sub.6 F.sub.13 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                   6h      C.sub.6 F.sub.13 CH.sub.2                                                                       H                                                   6I      C.sub.8 F.sub.17 CH.sub.2                                                                       H                                                   7a      C.sub.6 F.sub.13 (CH.sub.2).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8                           7b      CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.11                                                                      CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.8                          __________________________________________________________________________

Example 12 (Scheme II) Synthesis ofNα-1-(3-Perfluoroctyl)propionocarbonyl(εN-1-lactobionocarbonyl)-N-[1-undecyl]lysinamide, 6j

A. Synthesis of BocLys(Z)C(O)NH(CH₂)₁₀ CH₃, 1j

To a dichloromethane solution of 2.29 g (1.34.10⁻² mole) of undecanamine(CH₃ (CH₂)₁₀ NH₂), 5 g (1,34.10⁻² mole) of BocLys(Z)OH, 2.75 g of DCCand 200 mg of HOBT were added. The mixture was allowed to react for 24h. The DCU was filtered, and the solution was concentrated yielding 7.2g of crude product which is used as such in the following step.

B. Synthesis of Lys(Z)[C(O)NH(CH₂)₁₀ CH₃ ][NHC(O)(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇ ], 2j

The 7,2 g of 1j were dissolved in 30 ml of dichloromethane and 15 ml oftrifluoroacetic acid were added. The Boc group was immediately removed.After concentration, adding of ether and washing with NaHCO₃, theorganic phase was dried and concentrated. The Lys(Z)[C(O)NH(CH₂)₁₀ CH₃][NH₂ ] formed was allowed to react with C₈ F₁₇ CH₂ CH₂ CO₂ H (7,6 g,1,34.10⁻² mole); 2.7 g of DCC (1.34.10⁻² mole) and 100 mg of HOBT. Thepeptidic coupling was carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF). After 24 hthe DCU was filtered and the product was crystallized.

C. Synthesis of N-1-[3-(perfluorooctyl)propionocarbonyl(ε-N-1-lactobionocarbonyl) 1-undecane]lysinamide, 3j

1 g of 2j was dissolved in methanol, Z was deprotected by hydrogenationyielding 0.82 g (96%) of deprotected product. 0.622 g (8.10⁻⁴ mole) ofthe amine were allowed to react with 0.27 g (7.9.10⁻⁴ mole) oflactobiono-1,5 lactone in boiling methanol. After 24 h, the product waspurified by chromatography on silica gel (eluent AcOEt/MeOH/H₂ O80/18/2) yielding 62 mg of 3j. (72%). m.p.=171° C. (decomposition)(αD)²⁰ =+13 (C, 1, DMSO) ¹ H NMR (DMSO): 8.165 (1H, d, NHC(O)); 7.83(1H, m, C(O)NH); 7.59 (1H, m, C(O)NH).

    __________________________________________________________________________    Scheme II                                                                      ##STR29##                                                                     ##STR30##                                                                     ##STR31##                                                                     ##STR32##                                                                     ##STR33##                                                                    Product  w          R.sup.2     R.sup.3                                       __________________________________________________________________________    6j       ZNH(CH.sub.2).sub.4                                                                      CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.10                                                                C.sub.8 F.sub.17                              __________________________________________________________________________     Boc = butyloxycarbonyle;                                                      Z = benzyloxycarbonyle; Bz = benzyle                                          DCC: dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; HOBT: hydroxybenzotriazole; DMF:               dimethylformamide                                                        

Example 13 Polymerization of Products 6a and 6b

The polymerization was effected by irradiation of the aqueous dispersionof the products at a concentration of 0.1 mole.dm⁻³ by 100 KGy γradiation, in a source of γ rays of ⁶⁰ Co of 1.5 KGyh-1 (Larabee L. E.et al, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed. 1979, 17, 749).

The formation of the polymer is supported by proton NMR (disappearanceof the vinylic proton signals and enlargement of the other signals).

Example 14 Preparation of Vesicles from Product 6a

Product 6a (30 mg) was dissolved in a mixture of chloroform/methanol(1/1 v/v) in a round 4 mL tube. The solvent was evaporated in arotavapor until a uniform film was obtained. The remaining traces ofsolvent were eliminated under vacuum. Water for injectable preparations(3.97 mL) was added to the dried product. After stirring with a Vortexfor 3 minutes, sonication (BRANSON B30, 7 mm probe, Power 5, pulsed mode50, 15 minutes) at 20° C. above the phase-transition temperature gave abluish dispersion. Measurement of particle sizes, (Coulter modelN4MDSUB-MICRON particle analyzer) indicated that the dispersion remainedstable for at least 1 month, average Φ=49 nm. Sterilization of such adispersion at 121° C. for 15 minutes did not significantly modify thesevesicles (Φ before and after sterilization=58 and 61 nm, respectively).

Example 15 Preparation of vesicles from product 6d

The procedure of example 14 when applied to product 6d (10⁻² M) led tothe formation of vesicles as shown by electronic microscopy.

Example 16 Preparation of Vesicles from Product 6e

The procedure described in example 14 when applied to product 6e (10M⁻²,sonication 20 minutes) led to the formation of vesicles which aftersterilization had an average diameter of 318 nm.

Example 17 Preparation of Vesicles from Product 6b

The procedure described in example 14 when applied to product 6b (10⁻²M) led to the formation of vesicles observed by electronic microscopy.

Example 18 Preparation of Vesicles from Product 7a

Product 7a (10⁻² M) forms monolayered vesicles almost instantaneouslyupon dispersion with water as observed by electronic microscopy.

Example 19 Preparation of Vesicles from Product 7b

Product 7b (10⁻² M) forms monolayered vesicles almost instantaneouslyupon dispersion with water as observed by electronic microscopy.

STRUCTURAL STUDY Example 20

Identification of the vesicles by transmission electronic microscopy:

The formation of vesicles was observed by transmission electronicmicroscopy by the negative staining method. The lipidic dispersion wasapplied on a grid covered with FORMVAR membrane. The sample was coloredby depositing of a drop of phosphotungstic acid (2%, pH adjusted to 7)for 1 min; The excess acid was removed using a filter paper. The gridwas then dried and the sample was examined using a PHILIPS microscope(CM2 Model) at 80 Kv. The formation of vesicles was also observed afterdispersion of the product 6a, 7a, 7b. FIG. 1 is a micrography obtainedin these conditions on a 10⁻² M dispersion of product 6a.

Example 21

Observation of the vesicles by electronic microscopy afterfreeze-fracture.

One drop of lipidic dispersion (about 0.5 mL) was placed on a coppersupport. Freezing was realized by rapid immersion in liquid propane(-196° C.). The fractures were realized using a Balzers BAF 300 at -120°C. under 10⁻⁶ mmHg with a knife cooled to -150° C. The replicas wereobtained by depositing a platinum layer (10-20 A) under an angle of 35°then carbon (110-120 A) with an angle of 90°. The replicas were thenimmersed in water, washed, placed on a copper grid (3 mm, 300 mesh) andexamined with a HITACHI 600 electronic microscope (H600) at 75 KV. Theformation of vesicles was established by this method for products 6b,7a, 7b. FIG. 2 represents the photomicrographs obtained on 10⁻² Mdispersions of products 6b, 7a, 7b.

Differential scanning calorimetry

The phase transition temperatures and the transition enthalpies weredetermined after hydration by a known quantity of water using a SETARAMDSC-92 apparatus.

Example 22

Product 6d (16mg) was hydrated with 10.2 mL of a mixture ofwater/ethylene glycol 60/40 (hydratation percentage 28%). Heating andcooling between -10° C. and 45° C. at a speed of 2° C./min showed thatthe Tc was found to be at 14° C. and that the transition enthalpy was-10.29 mcal/mg.

Example 23

Product 6a (10.8 mg) was hydrated with a mixture of water/ethyleneglycol 60/40 (hydration percentage 37%). The Tc was found to be 22° C.and that the transition enthalpy was -11.6 mcal/mg.

BIOCOMPATIBILITY Example 24

In vivo toxicity of product 6i in mice. A rapid intravenous injectioninto the caudal vein, of 0.5 mL (25 mL/kg animal body weight) of asolution of 6i in physiological water, to which pluronic F-68 was addedas dispersant (25/10 g/L, 6i/Pluronic F-68) was made. This product wastolerated at a dose of 625 mg/kg in weight; no deaths occurred after 1month of observation, among the 10 animals treated.

In vivo toxicity of products 6a, 6b, 6c in mice. A rapid intraperitonealinjection was made, of 0.5 mL (25 mL/kg animal body weight, n=10) of adispersion of these products in physiological water. The products weretolerated at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight; no deaths occurred after 1month of observation of the 10 animals treated.

Example 25

The hemolytic activity of products 6h, 6i was determined by adding 2 mLof a solution of these products in physiological water to an equalvolume of a 1% suspension of human erythrocytes in an isotonic phosphatebuffer. After an hour of incubation at 37° C. the solutions werecentrifuged. The degree of hemolysis was determinedspectrophotometrically (540 nm) by comparing the quantity of hemoglobinliberated in the supernatant. Compounds 6h, 6i were not hemolytic at aconcentration of 50 g/l.

Example 26

The toxicity of products 6a and 6e was determined on lymphoblastoid cellcultures of the Namalva type in an RPMI medium containing 10% of foetalcalf serum at 37° C. under 7% CO₂, according to the method described byM. Le Blanc et al in Pharm. Res. 195 (1988). Compounds 6a,6e, 6h, 6i didnot affect the growth and viability of the cells after 4 days at 37° C.

Encapsulation of Adriamycin in Liposomes Formed with Compounds of theInvention, and Stability of the Resulting Systems Example 27

An aqueous dispersion of compound 7b (141 g, 60 mM) in citric acid (2ml,1M pH=4) was prepared (sonication, probe 3 mm, power5, room temperature,5 min, mean diameter=35 nm). The liposomal dispersion was then passedthrough a sephadex column and centrifugation was achieved at 2500 rpmduring 4 minutes. Adriamycin (12 ml, 30 mM) was added to the liposomaldispersion. The amount of drug encapsulated, the stability ofencapsulation over time and the release of adriamycin were measured.

The kinetics of release were determined at 37° C. At different times therelease was stopped by adding 650ml of sucrose buffer at 4° C. (0.3M,pH=7.5) to 150ml of liposomal dispersion, then 21 ml of NaOH (1N). TheDO_(i) of the solution was measured, which correspond to the quantity ofadriamycin outside the liposomes. After that, liposomes were lysed bythe addition of 10 ml of Triton (20% w/v). The final DO (DO_(f)) wasmeasured which corresponds to the total quantity of adriamycin. (DO_(f)-DO_(i))/DO_(f) gives the quantity of adriamycin remaining inside theliposomes. This experience showed that the amount of encapsulatedadriamycin was about 77% after 20 min and 59% after 120 min.

Example 28

The same experiment was done with compound 7a. 177 mg of 7a were addedto 3 ml of citric acid (1M), agitated for a few seconds and sonicationat room temperature. The pH gradient was established on a Sephadexcolumn G50 with tris-HCl buffer. Measurement of the optical densityshowed that the amount of encapsulated adriamycin was 66% after 10 minand 60% after 120 min.

There will be various modifications, improvements, and applications ofthe disclosed invention that will be apparent to those skilled in theart, and the present application is intended to cover such embodiments.Although the present invention has been described in the context ofcertain preferred embodiments, it is intended that the full scope of theinvention be measured by reference to the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An emulsion comprising:an oily phase; an aqueousphase; and at least one surfactant comprising an amphiphilic compoundderived from an amine acid or peptide and having the formula ##STR34##wherein (a) X is a polyhydroxylated hydrophilic moiety selected from thegroup consisting of a sugar, a polyol, an aminopolyol and anoligosaccharide; (b) R¹ represents a bivalent radical derived from amonosaccharidc in an open form and having the formula: ##STR35## (c) AAis an amino acid or peptide moiety; (d) Y¹ is --NH, --S--, --CO--,--O--, or --C(O)--(CH₂)_(L) --, wherein L is 1 or 2, (e) R² and R³,which can be identical or different, are H; a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated C₅₋₂₀ hydrocarbon; or a linear or branched,saturated or unsaturated C₅₋₂₀ fluorinated hydrocarbon or fluorocarbonradical wherein 50 to 100% of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced byfluorine atoms, said hydrocarbon, fluorinated hydrocarbon orfluorocarbon radical optionally having one or more O and S atoms withinthe C chain, and optionally having the hydrogen atoms of said radicalreplaced by one or more chlorine or bromine atoms; and an unsaturatedterminal group having the formula:

    --O--CH═CH.sub.2 ;

    --OC(O)CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2 ;

    --C(O)--CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2 ;

    or

    --NHC(O)CR.sub.5 ═CH.sub.2

in which R⁵ is H or CH₃, provided that R² and R³ do not both representH; (f) R⁴ represents ##STR36## wherein AA is an amino acid or peptideresidue; (g) Y² and Y³, which are different, are ##STR37## provided thatat least one of the Y² and Y³ represent --NH--C(O)-- or --C(O)--NH--. 2.A composition according to claim 1 wherein each of R2 and R3 of saidamphiphilic compound is independently selected from the group consistingof said hydrocarbon, said fluorinated hydrocarbon and said fluorocarbonradical.
 3. An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein each of R2 and R3of said amphiphilic compound is a said fluorinated hydrocarbon or a saidfluorocarbon radical.
 4. An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein X ofsaid amphiphilic compound is:(h) a C₁ to C₂₄ saturated or unsaturatedsugar, selected from the group consisting of tetroses, pentoses,hexoses, aminopentoses, aminohexoses, deoxypentoses, deoxyhexoses,disaccharides and oligosaccharides; (i) a polyol which is(1) thehydrogenated form of a sugar derived from a member of the groupconsisting of tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, aminopentoses, aminohexoses,desoxypentoses, desoxyhexoses, disaccharides and oligosaccharides, (2) acyclic hexitol, (3) a sugar or polyol as defined above in which one orseveral hydrogen atoms of the OH polyol or sugar groups have beenreplaced by an acetyl, benzyl, allyl, benzoyl, trityl, isopropylidene,benzylidene or cyclohexylidene group, by a group of formula (CH₂ CH₂O)_(t) R⁶), wherein t is an integer from 1 to 100 and R⁶ is a hydrogenatom, or a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C₁ to C₂₄hydrocarbon radical.
 5. An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein saidamphiphilic compound is of the formula: ##STR38## wherein R² represents--(CH₂)₁₁ CH₃ ; --(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ ; or --(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇ andR³ represents(CH₂)₈ CH═CH₂ or (CH₂)₈ CH₃.
 6. An emulsion according to claim 1 whereinsaid amphiphilic compound is of the formula: ##STR39## wherein R2represents: (CH₂)₁₁ CH₃ or (CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ andR3 represents (CH₂)₈ CH═CH₂or (CH₂)₈ CH₃.
 7. An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein saidamphiphilic compound is of the formula: ##STR40## wherein R² represents--(CH₂)₂ C₆ F₁₃ or --(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇ andR³ represents a hydrogen atom. 8.An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein said amphiphilic compound is ofthe formula: ##STR41## wherein p is equal to 1 or 2,R² represents--(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇, and R3 represents --(CH₂)₂ C₈ F₁₇ ; --(CH₂)₁₀--NH--C(O)--CH═CH₂ ; --(CH₂)₁₀ --C(O)--CH═CH₂ ; or --(CH₂)₉ --CH₃.
 9. Anemulsion according to claim 1 wherein said amphiphilic compound is ofthe formula: ##STR42## wherein p is equal to 1 or 2R² represents--(CH₂)₁₀ --CH₃, and R³ represents --(CH₂)₉ CH₃ or --(CH₂)₈ --CH═CH₂.10. An emulsion according to claim 1 wherein said amphiphilic compoundis of the formula: ##STR43##
 11. An emulsion according to claim 1 inwhich the oily phase is a fluorocarbon.
 12. An emulsion according toclaim 11 wherein said fluorocarbon is a perfluoroalkyl bromide or ahis-(F-alkyl )-ethene.
 13. An emulsion according to claim 11 in whichthe fluorocarbon is perfluorooctyl bromide or perfluorooctylethane. 14.An emulsion according to claim 1 comprising another surfactant selectedfrom the group consisting of lecithin, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylenepolymer and another synthetic surfactant.
 15. An emulsion according toclaim 1 wherein the oily phase is a fluorocarbon, or a mixture offluorocarbons, and represents from 10 to 125% w/v of the emulsion. 16.An emulsion containing from about 0.01 to 30% w/v of a compoundaccording to claim 1.